Which adverse effect is associated specifically with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to reduce pain and inflammation, but one notable adverse effect associated specifically with their use is gastrointestinal irritation. NSAIDs can disrupt the normal protective lining of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, ulcers, and bleeding. This occurs because they inhibit the production of prostaglandins, which are compounds that help maintain the protective mucous barrier in the stomach and intestines.

While fever reduction and analgesic effects are desirable therapeutic actions of NSAIDs, they are not considered adverse effects. Hepatotoxicity may occur with some medications, but it is not a specific or common adverse effect related to NSAIDs; it is more often associated with other classes of drugs, particularly acetaminophen overdose. Thus, gastrointestinal irritation stands out as a significant and specific adverse effect linked to NSAID use.