Which of the following are adverse effects of tramadol? Select all that apply.

Tramadol is a unique analgesic because it acts on both the opioid receptors and inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine. One of the notable adverse effects associated with tramadol is seizures. This can occur particularly in individuals who have a history of seizures or who are taking other medications that lower the seizure threshold. The risk of seizures is further heightened by excessive doses or in patients with certain health conditions.

In addition to seizures, tramadol can cause serotonin syndrome, especially when used in conjunction with other serotonergic drugs. While headaches and visual disturbances may occur in some patients taking tramadol, they are not typically classified as significant adverse effects and might not be as closely associated with tramadol usage compared to the more severe risks such as seizures or serotonin syndrome.

Thus, recognizing seizures as an adverse effect of tramadol is crucial for ensuring safe prescribing practices and monitoring in patients taking this medication.